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If the computer is communicating with the printer over a network, such as a local-area network (Ethernet, Wi-FI) or (less likely, but not impossible) over a wide-area network such as the Internet, then, if you run Wireshark on the computer, it should be able to capture the network traffic to the printer.
That traffic might be encrypted, in which case you would need to be able to decrypt the traffic in order to see the data being sent between the computer and the printer. Wireshark can decrypt some traffic, but would need additional information in order to decrypt it.
If the printer is locally attached over USB, then, if Wireshark can capture raw USB traffic (which it can on some operating systems, with varying levels of difficulty), it may be able to show you the traffic between the computer and the printer.
